1摘要的内容要求
1.1 如何写好中英文摘要
研究原著需附中英文摘要,两者要文意一致,以250字为宜,应为报道性,能独立成文,可进入数据库作二次文献检索用,要求内容中包含目的(objective,包括背景)、方法(methods,包括材料)、结果(results,含主要数据)和结论(conclusion).写英文摘要时,不能因为某些内容不好翻译就弃掉要点.
2) 文摘要尽量简短,在不遗漏主题概念的前提下,尽量简洁.
3)文摘中的内容应在正文中出现,文摘不能对原文进行补充和修改.
4)文摘的缩写名称在第一次出现时要有全称.文摘的句子应尽量简短.主谓语要搭配.
5)文章作者是写好文摘的最佳人选:随着学科专业的细分,编辑人员不可能了解每一个专业,不能就文摘关于专业知识方面的论述进行修改,这就要求作者掌握写文摘的要领,自己写好文摘.
1.2 英文摘要的文体风格
英文摘要除了要遵守语法规则,保证句子通顺、流畅外,为使摘要简洁、精练,还要注意以下几点:
1）尽量使用短句子并避免句型单调.
2）用过去时态叙述作者的工作和研究方法,用现在时态叙述作者的结论.
3）能用名词做定语的不要用动名词做定语,能用形容词做定语的不要用名词做定语.例如:用measurement accuracy ,不用 measuring accuracy.
4）可直接用名词或名词短语做定语的情况下,要少用of句型.例如:用 equipment structure ,不用 structure of equipment.
5） 可用动词的情况尽量避免使用动词的名词形式.例如:用 thickness of plastic sheets was measured ,不用 measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made .
6）注意冠词的用法,不要误用,滥用或随便省略冠词.
7） 避免使用一长串形容词或名词来修饰名词,可以将这些词分成几个前置短语,用连字符连接名词组,作为单位形容词（一个形容词）.
8）尽量用主动语态代替被动语态.尽量用简短、词义清楚并为人熟知的词.
9）文词要纯朴无华,不用多姿多态的文学性描述手法.组织好句子,使动词尽量靠近主语
10）摘要词语的拼写,用英美拼法都可以,但在每篇文章中须保持一致.
2. 作者和作者单位
2.1 提供完整对应的中英文对照
应确保出现在中文文摘的全部作者的姓名、单位及顺序号、城市及邮编、电子信箱（非必要）、身份头衔等在英文中得到对应反映.
2.2 明确姓氏与名字的定位
作者为外族或外国人士时（尤其是中东、日本和朝鲜等国）,最好用完全大写姓氏表示姓氏,首字母大写表示名字.或按照汉语姓名排列,做到全刊的姓名顺序一致,以避免可能出现的混淆和误解.
2.3 完整译出单位名称
作者单位既是与作者通讯联系的重要途径,也是保证作者资格得到承认的必要参考.因此,除确属保密性质或全球知名的企事业单位外,单位名称请不要使用几个大写字母所组成的完全缩写或简称.同时,鉴于某些词汇的缩写有所不同,也请不要自行缩写个别单词,以减少出错的可能.
3. 关键词
1) 关键词尽量用名词或名词性词组,避免用形容词或形容词性词组做关键词.
2) 中英文关键词要对应.
4．中图分类号
应按新版《中国图书馆分类法》标注.可选1～3个,主分类号排前,其间用分号“；”分隔
5．文献标识码
每篇文章1个码. a-理论与应用研究学术论文(包括综述)；b-实用性技术成果报告；c-业务指导与技术管理性文章；d-般动态性信息(通讯、报道、会议活动、专访等)；e-文件、资料(包括历史资料、统计资料、机构、人物、知识介绍等).
6． 正文
层次系统 1～3层,第一级用中文数字1、2、3 ···连续编号,一级标题下面用1.1、1.2.、1.3.···表示,三级标题下用1.1.1、1.1.2、1.1.3···表示,最多不超过三级标题,三级以下标题可用1)、2)、3)表示.
7．结果
应按逻辑顺序真实、准确地表达研究所获得的数据,可用文字、图或表表达,但三者不应重复,所有数据需经统计学处理.不引证他人资料,不展开讨论,仅强调或概述重要的观察结果.
8. 参考文献
引用文献应遵循“最新、关键、必要和亲自阅读过”的原则；应在正文中顺次引述（按在正文中被提及的先后来排列各篇参考文献的序号,所有参考文献均应在正文中提及）；一般只引正式出版过的文献；对于文献有多个作者的,只著录前3位作者,从第4位开始该用“,等”或者“et al.”代替；根据gb 3469规定标识不同的参考文献类型.
参考文献的著录格式和示例如下:
1) 专著 著录格式:[序号] 编著者．书名[m]．版本,出版地:出版者,出版年:页码.
例:刘谋佶,吕志咏,丘成昊,等．边条翼与旋涡分离流[m]．北京:北京航空学院出版社,1988:24－27．
注:初版书不标注版本,页码是可选项.
2）期刊 著录格式:[序号] 作者．题目[j]．刊名,年,卷（期）:页码．
例: 傅惠民．二项分布参数整体推断方法[j]．航空学报,2000,21(2):155－158．
注:外文期刊的刊名可用简称；请注意标注文章的年、卷、期、页,不要遗漏.
3) 学位论文 著录格式:[序号]作者．题目[d]．地点:单位,年．
例: 朱刚．新型流体有限元法及叶轮机械正反混合问题[d]北京:清华大学,1996．
4） 论文集/会议录 著录格式:[序号]主要责任者．题名[c]．出版地:出版者,出版年．
例: 辛希孟．信息技术与信息服务国际研讨会论文集:a集[c]//北京:中国社会科学出版社,1994．
5) 论文集中析出的文献 著录格式:[序号]作者．题目[c]//主编．论文集名．出版地:出版者,出版年:页码．
例:陈永康,李素循,李玉林．高超声速流绕双椭球的实验研究[c]//北京空气动力研究所．第九届高超声这气动力会议论文集．北京:北京空气动力研究所,1997:9-14．
6) 科技报告 著录格式:[序号]作者．题名[r]．报告题名及编号,出版地:出版者,出版年．
例:孔祥福． fd－09风洞带地面板条件下的流场校测报告[r]．北京空气动力研究所技术报告 bg7-270,北京:北京空气动力研究所,1989．
7) 国际、国家标准,行业规范 著录格式:[序号]标准编号,标准名称[s]．出版地:出版者,出版年．
例: mil-5007 d,航空涡轮喷气和涡轮风扇发动机通用规范[s]．美国空军,1973．
8) 专利 著录格式:[序号]设计人．专利题名[p]．专利国别:专利号,公告日
例: 黎志华,黎志军．反馈声抵消器[p]．中国专利: zl85100748, 1986-09-24．
9) 其他未定义文献类型 著录格式:[序号]主要责任者．文献题名[z]．出版地:出版者,出版年．
论文英文摘要格式
abstractthe abstract is an essential part of any academic paper, providing a summary of the main points of the research. it is usually the first thing that readers see, and it plays a crucial role in helping them decide whether to read the rest of the paper. in this article, we will provide guidelines for writing an effective abstract in english, including the purpose, methods, results, and conclusions of the research. we will also discuss the requirements for author and affiliation information, which are critical for ensuring that the paper meets the formatting requirements of core journals.
guidelines for writing an effective abstract
1. purpose: the purpose of the research should be clearly stated in the abstract. this can be done in one or two sentences, but it should be specific and concise. the purpose should indicate the problem being investigated, the research question, or the hypothesis being tested.
2. methods: the methods used to conduct the research should also be included. this should include a brief description of the study design, the participants, the data collection methods, and the statistical analyses used to analyze the data.
3. results: the results of the research should be summarized in the abstract. this should include the main findings of the study, as well as any significant differences or trends that were observed. descriptive statistics, such as means and standard deviations, can be used to summarize numerical data, while qualitative data can be summarized using themes or categories.
4. conclusions: the conclusions of the research should be stated clearly in the abstract. this should include an interpretation of the findings, as well as any recommendations for future research or practical applications of the research.
5. language: the abstract should be written in clear and concise language, using short sentences and avoiding technical jargon. the use of active voice is preferred over passive voice, and the present tense is preferred over the past tense.
requirements for author and affiliation information
1. author name: the author‘s name should be listed as it appears on the paper, with the first name followed by the last name. if there are multiple authors, they should be listed in order of contribution.
2. affiliation: the author‘s affiliation should be listed below the author‘s name, including the name of the institution or organization where the research was conducted, as well as the department or unit within the institution.
3. author and affiliation information in chinese: if the author is from a non-english speaking country, the author and affiliation information should be provided in both english and the author‘s native language. the author‘s name should be written in the correct order for the author‘s language, and the affiliation should be translated accurately.
4. corresponding author: the corresponding author should be identified in the abstract, including their name, email address, and institution.
in conclusion, the abstract is an important part of any academic paper, providing a summary of the research purpose, methods, results, and conclusions. to write an effective abstract in english, it is important to use clear and concise language, follow the guidelines for each section, and provide accurate author and affiliation information. by following these guidelines, authors can ensure that their papers meet the formatting requirements of core journals, and that their research is recognized and cited by others in the field.